![]() ![]() This claim is further supported by sociohistorical facts and a comparison between CSE and Baba Malay of two expressions that are potentially of Malay-origin, namely the kena passive construction and the idiomatic expression where got?. The results of the comparison show that it is Hokkien that constitutes the main substrate of CSE. With regard to these seven meanings, the paper then makes a cross-linguistic comparison between CSE and four languages which played a role in the formation of CSE, namely BrE, Hokkien, Cantonese and Baba Malay. Seven distinct meanings are identified: possessive, existential, realis modality (further divided into temporal location, aspect and emphasis), idiomatic use in the expression where got?, passive, ‘to receive/obtain’ and ‘to become’. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the usage of the word. ABSTRACT: Got in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) has grammatical and semantic functions which are very different from standard varieties of English such as Standard British English (BrE). ![]()
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